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Transmitting from RCA Radio Central at Rocky Point, New York and GPO Rugby in Warwickshire with northern Beverage wave receiving arrays at Houlton, Maine and Cupar, Scotland, the single-sideband longwave channel remained vital during World War II and the early Cold War because 60 kHz propagation was immune to geomagnetic solar storms that blacked out shortwave HF. Commercial trunking was decommissioned in 1956 when the TAT-1 submarine coaxial cable entered service (with standby use ending in 1962)."},"geometry":{"type":"MultiLineString","coordinates":[[[-72.9198,40.9348],[-72.1378,41.3553],[-71.3444,41.7705],[-70.5392,42.1805],[-69.7222,42.5852],[-68.893,42.9845],[-68.0514,43.3783],[-67.1973,43.7667],[-66.3305,44.1495],[-65.4506,44.5268],[-64.5577,44.8983],[-63.6515,45.264],[-62.7317,45.6239],[-61.7984,45.9778],[-60.8514,46.3256],[-59.8905,46.6672],[-58.9156,47.0025],[-57.9268,47.3313],[-56.9238,47.6535],[-55.9067,47.969],[-54.8756,48.2776],[-53.8303,48.5791],[-52.7709,48.8734],[-51.6976,49.1604],[-50.6104,49.4397],[-49.5095,49.7113],[-48.395,49.975],[-47.2672,50.2305],[-46.1263,50.4778],[-44.9725,50.7164],[-43.8063,50.9464],[-42.628,51.1674],[-41.4379,51.3793],[-40.2366,51.5818],[-39.0245,51.7748],[-37.8021,51.9581],[-36.57,52.1314],[-35.3289,52.2945],[-34.0792,52.4474],[-32.8218,52.5897],[-31.5573,52.7213],[-30.2865,52.842],[-29.0101,52.9517],[-27.7289,53.0503],[-26.4437,53.1374],[-25.1554,53.2131],[-23.8647,53.2772],[-22.5727,53.3296],[-21.28,53.3701],[-19.9876,53.3987],[-18.6964,53.4153],[-17.4072,53.4199],[-16.1208,53.4123],[-14.838,53.3925],[-13.5598,53.3605],[-12.2869,53.3162],[-11.0201,53.2597],[-9.7601,53.1909],[-8.5076,53.1099],[-7.2633,53.0166],[-6.028,52.9112],[-4.8021,52.7936],[-3.5862,52.6638],[-2.381,52.5221],[-1.1869,52.3683]]]},"lengthKm":5350},{"type":"Feature","properties":{"id":"att-gpo-transatlantic-shortwave","name":"AT&T / GPO Transatlantic Shortwave (HF & MUSA)","type":"radio","color":"#c084fc","rfs_year":1929,"rfs_date":"Jun 1, 1929","decommission_year":1965,"trunk_decomm":"1956–1965 (Europe trunks)","station_final_decomm":"Lawrenceville: 1975 | Netcong: 1975 | Cooling: 1965 | Baldock: 2019","length":"5,540 km","owners":"AT&T Long Lines, British General Post Office (GPO)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MUSA_antenna","extraUrls":["https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MUSA_antenna","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_Radio_Station"],"frequency":"4–22 MHz Shortwave (HF ISB)","antenna_type":"Rhombic curtains & 16-element MUSA steerable phased arrays","beamwidth":"8°–12° (Rhombic) / 3° vertical steerable (MUSA)","azimuth":"52° NE (NJ → UK) / 288° WNW (UK → NJ)","tx_rx_nodes":"US: Lawrenceville & Ocean Gate, NJ (TX) / Netcong & Manahawkin, NJ (RX) ↔ UK: Rugby (TX) / Baldock & Cooling, UK (RX)","capacity":"16 voice circuits","capacity_tbps":null,"capacity_citation":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MUSA_antenna","capacity_reference":"Wikipedia — MUSA (Multiple Unit Steerable Antenna) & AT&T Bell System Technical Journal: Multi-channel independent-sideband transatlantic HF radiotelephone trunks","landing_points":[{"id":"lawrenceville-nj-united-states","name":"Lawrenceville / Netcong, NJ, United States","country":"United States","is_tbd":null,"lng":-74.7431,"lat":40.3122},{"id":"rugby-baldock-united-kingdom","name":"Rugby / Baldock, United Kingdom","country":"United Kingdom","is_tbd":null,"lng":-1.1869,"lat":52.3683}],"description":"Opened on June 1, 1929 to expand transatlantic voice capacity beyond the original 60 kHz longwave link, the AT&T and British GPO shortwave trunk linked transmitter curtains at Lawrenceville, New Jersey and Rugby, England with directional receiving stations at Netcong, New Jersey and Baldock, England. In 1939–1940 Bell Labs and the GPO added Ocean Gate, NJ and two-mile-long 16-rhombic MUSA (Multiple Unit Steerable Antenna) arrays at Manahawkin, NJ and Cooling, Kent to combat multipath fading. Fixed European point-to-point telephone trunks were progressively decommissioned between 1956 and 1965 following the activation of TAT-1 through TAT-4 and the Early Bird satellite."},"geometry":{"type":"MultiLineString","coordinates":[[[-74.7431,40.3122],[-73.9544,40.7927],[-73.1539,41.2678],[-72.3412,41.7373],[-71.5162,42.2012],[-70.6785,42.6592],[-69.8279,43.1113],[-68.9642,43.5572],[-68.0871,43.9968],[-67.1965,44.43],[-66.2921,44.8565],[-65.3737,45.2762],[-64.4411,45.6888],[-63.4941,46.0943],[-62.5326,46.4924],[-61.5565,46.8829],[-60.5655,47.2655],[-59.5596,47.6402],[-58.5388,48.0066],[-57.5028,48.3645],[-56.4518,48.7137],[-55.3857,49.054],[-54.3045,49.3851],[-53.2083,49.7068],[-52.0971,50.0189],[-50.9711,50.321],[-49.8305,50.6131],[-48.6754,50.8947],[-47.5062,51.1657],[-46.323,51.4259],[-45.1263,51.6749],[-43.9163,51.9126],[-42.6936,52.1386],[-41.4586,52.3529],[-40.2117,52.5551],[-38.9536,52.745],[-37.6849,52.9224],[-36.4062,53.0872],[-35.1182,53.2391],[-33.8217,53.3779],[-32.5173,53.5035],[-31.206,53.6157],[-29.8885,53.7144],[-28.5657,53.7994],[-27.2385,53.8706],[-25.9079,53.928],[-24.5747,53.9714],[-23.2399,54.0007],[-21.9044,54.016],[-20.5693,54.0172],[-19.2354,54.0043],[-17.9038,53.9772],[-16.5753,53.936],[-15.2509,53.8807],[-13.9314,53.8114],[-12.6178,53.7281],[-11.3109,53.631],[-10.0115,53.52],[-8.7204,53.3954],[-7.4383,53.2573],[-6.166,53.1057],[-4.9041,52.9408],[-3.6533,52.7629],[-2.414,52.572],[-1.1869,52.3683]]]},"lengthKm":5540},{"type":"Feature","properties":{"id":"att-us-south-america-shortwave","name":"AT&T US–South America Shortwave Trunk","type":"radio","color":"#c084fc","rfs_year":1930,"rfs_date":"Apr 3, 1930","decommission_year":1973,"trunk_decomm":"1966–1973 (Satellite migration)","station_final_decomm":"Lawrenceville: 1975 | Buenos Aires sites: ~1978","length":"8,480 km","owners":"AT&T Long Lines, Compañía Internacional de Radio (CIDRA / ITT)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AT%26T_Long_Lines","extraUrls":["https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AT%26T_Long_Lines"],"frequency":"6–21 MHz Shortwave (HF ISB)","antenna_type":"Bruce sterba curtains & Horizontal Rhombic arrays","beamwidth":"10°–14° directional","azimuth":"167° SSE (NJ → Buenos Aires) / 348° NNW (BA → NJ)","tx_rx_nodes":"US: Lawrenceville, NJ (TX) / Netcong, NJ (RX) ↔ AR: Hurlingham (TX) / Plátanos & Pacheco (RX)","capacity":"8 voice circuits","capacity_tbps":null,"capacity_citation":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AT%26T_Long_Lines","capacity_reference":"AT&T Long Lines Historical Records — Overseas Radiotelephone Service between Lawrenceville/Netcong, NJ and Hurlingham/Plátanos, Buenos Aires inaugurated April 3, 1930","landing_points":[{"id":"lawrenceville-nj-united-states","name":"Lawrenceville / Netcong, NJ, United States","country":"United States","is_tbd":null,"lng":-74.7431,"lat":40.3122},{"id":"hurlingham-buenos-aires-argentina","name":"Hurlingham / Plátanos, Buenos Aires, Argentina","country":"Argentina","is_tbd":null,"lng":-58.6361,"lat":-34.5883}],"description":"Inaugurated on April 3, 1930, AT&T's US–South America shortwave radiotelephone trunk connected the Lawrenceville and Netcong, New Jersey overseas radio complex with Hurlingham, Plátanos, and General Pacheco outside Buenos Aires, Argentina. Because South America did not receive high-capacity deep-ocean coaxial telephone cables as early as Western Europe or the North Pacific, these southward HF rhombic beams remained the primary voice corridor between North America and the Southern Cone for over four decades before being decommissioned in 1973 as Intelsat Atlantic geostationary earth stations assumed all commercial trunk traffic."},"geometry":{"type":"MultiLineString","coordinates":[[[-74.7431,40.3122],[-74.3815,39.152],[-74.0317,37.9906],[-73.6928,36.8283],[-73.364,35.665],[-73.0447,34.5009],[-72.7341,33.336],[-72.4318,32.1703],[-72.1371,31.0039],[-71.8495,29.8369],[-71.5686,28.6692],[-71.2939,27.501],[-71.025,26.3322],[-70.7614,25.163],[-70.5028,23.9933],[-70.2489,22.8232],[-69.9993,21.6527],[-69.7538,20.4818],[-69.5119,19.3106],[-69.2735,18.139],[-69.0383,16.9672],[-68.806,15.7951],[-68.5764,14.6228],[-68.3492,13.4502],[-68.1242,12.2775],[-67.9012,11.1045],[-67.68,9.9314],[-67.4604,8.7582],[-67.2421,7.5848],[-67.0251,6.4113],[-66.809,5.2377],[-66.5938,4.0641],[-66.3792,2.8904],[-66.165,1.7166],[-65.9511,0.5429],[-65.7373,-0.6309],[-65.5233,-1.8047],[-65.3091,-2.9784],[-65.0945,-4.1521],[-64.8792,-5.3258],[-64.6631,-6.4994],[-64.4459,-7.6728],[-64.2276,-8.8462],[-64.0079,-10.0194],[-63.7865,-11.1925],[-63.5634,-12.3655],[-63.3383,-13.5382],[-63.1109,-14.7108],[-62.8811,-15.8831],[-62.6486,-17.0551],[-62.4131,-18.227],[-62.1744,-19.3985],[-61.9323,-20.5697],[-61.6865,-21.7405],[-61.4366,-22.911],[-61.1824,-24.0811],[-60.9234,-25.2508],[-60.6595,-26.42],[-60.3901,-27.5887],[-60.1149,-28.7568],[-59.8335,-29.9245],[-59.5454,-31.0914],[-59.2502,-32.2578],[-58.9473,-33.4234],[-58.6361,-34.5883]]]},"lengthKm":8480},{"type":"Feature","properties":{"id":"att-caribbean-latin-america-wom","name":"AT&T Caribbean / Latin America Trunk (WOM)","type":"radio","color":"#c084fc","rfs_year":1932,"rfs_date":"Dec 1932 (Havana/Nassau) / 1950 (Expanded)","decommission_year":1975,"trunk_decomm":"1968–1975 (Fixed P2P trunks)","station_final_decomm":"Nov 1999 (High-Seas WOM shutdown)","length":"15,400 km","owners":"AT&T Long Lines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AT%26T_High_Seas_Service","extraUrls":["https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AT%26T_High_Seas_Service"],"frequency":"4–22 MHz Shortwave (Multiplexed ISB)","antenna_type":"Directional Rhombic & Log-Periodic arrays","beamwidth":"12°–18°","azimuth":"135°–205° Southern / Caribbean fan from South Florida","tx_rx_nodes":"US: Opa-locka & Pennsuco/Medley, FL (TX) / Plantation, FL (RX) ↔ Havana, Bogotá, Caracas, Lima & Rio de Janeiro","capacity":"12 voice circuits","capacity_tbps":null,"capacity_citation":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AT%26T_High_Seas_Service","capacity_reference":"Wikipedia — AT&T High Seas Service (WOM) & AT&T Long Lines: Multiplexed SSB radiotelephone links from South Florida to the Caribbean and South America","landing_points":[{"id":"pennsuco-miami-fl-united-states","name":"Pennsuco / Plantation, FL, United States","country":"United States","is_tbd":null,"rfs_year":1932,"lng":-80.3839,"lat":25.895},{"id":"havana-cuba","name":"Havana, Cuba","country":"Cuba","is_tbd":null,"rfs_year":1932,"lng":-82.4,"lat":23.1},{"id":"bogota-colombia","name":"Bogotá, Colombia","country":"Colombia","is_tbd":null,"rfs_year":1950,"lng":-74.0721,"lat":4.711},{"id":"caracas-venezuela","name":"Caracas, Venezuela","country":"Venezuela","is_tbd":null,"rfs_year":1950,"lng":-66.9036,"lat":10.4806},{"id":"lima-peru","name":"Lima, Peru","country":"Peru","is_tbd":null,"rfs_year":1950,"lng":-77.0428,"lat":-12.0464},{"id":"rio-de-janeiro-brazil","name":"Rio de Janeiro, Brazil","country":"Brazil","is_tbd":null,"rfs_year":1950,"lng":-43.1729,"lat":-22.9068}],"description":"Established in December 1932 at Opa-locka, Florida and later expanded in 1950 to huge rhombic antenna farms at Pennsuco/Medley (TX) and Plantation (RX) near Miami, AT&T's southern radiotelephone gateway (later known by maritime callsign WOM) handled multiplexed single-sideband voice trunks across the Caribbean and northern South America, linking Florida with Havana, Bogotá, Caracas, Lima, and Rio de Janeiro. 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Fixed point-to-point trunks to Hawaii ceased after HAW-1 landed in 1957 and transpacific trunks were decommissioned in 1964 when the TRANSPAC-1 (TPC-1) submarine coaxial cable went live, shifting KMI to ship-to-shore service until 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Using 287-foot masts supporting vertical Franklin phased wire curtains and parabolic reflector screens, the low-power HF beam outperformed submarine telegraph cables at a fraction of the cost, forcing the 1929 merger of British cable and radio interests into Cable & Wireless. 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Because solar illumination shifts across opposite hemispheres twice daily, the Marconi-Franklin curtain arrays were engineered with reversible reflector switching to fire either eastward across Eurasia in the morning or westward across the Americas and Pacific in the afternoon. 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Operating at 17.2 kHz across a 2.2-kilometer line of six 127-meter steel towers, SAQ provided Sweden's sole transatlantic link throughout World War II when surrounding submarine cables were severed. 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